HISTORY OF Burkina Faso

Early History and Pre-Colonial Period:
Before colonialism, the area now known as Burkina Faso was inhabited by a number of different ethnic groups, each with its own cultural and political systems. Some of the major ethnic groups included the Mossi, Bobo, Senoufo, and Fulani. These groups were primarily agricultural societies, with complex kingdoms and states emerging, particularly the Mossi Kingdoms in the central and northern regions. The Mossi Kingdoms, in particular, played a dominant role in the area, and their political structures were centered around powerful monarchies.

French Colonial Era (1896–1960):
Burkina Faso was colonized by France in the late 19th century, during the “Scramble for Africa.” The country was initially part of French Sudan (now Mali) but later became a separate colony known as Upper Volta in 1919. Under French colonial rule, the indigenous population was subjected to exploitation, forced labor, and economic control. The French also introduced infrastructure projects, such as railways, which served to extract resources, particularly cotton and gold, for the benefit of the colonial rulers.

The colonial period was marked by the imposition of French language, culture, and educational systems, which had a lasting impact on the country. There were also instances of resistance, including the insurrections of the indigenous people, but they were often brutally suppressed.

Path to Independence:
After World War II, nationalist movements across Africa began pushing for independence. In Upper Volta, the struggle for self-rule gained momentum, and the country was granted self-governing status in 1958 within the French Community. On August 5, 1960, Upper Volta achieved full independence from France. Maurice Yaméogo became the country’s first president.

Post-Independence (1960s–1980s):
Following independence, Upper Volta faced political instability, characterized by coups and military interventions. The early years were marked by attempts to address poverty, underdevelopment, and the challenges of nation-building. Maurice Yaméogo’s government faced growing discontent, and he was overthrown in 1966.

In the years that followed, the country was governed by military regimes, but the political and economic conditions remained difficult, with widespread corruption, lack of development, and social unrest.

The Revolution of 1983 and Thomas Sankara:
A significant turning point in the history of Burkina Faso came in 1983, when a military coup led by Thomas Sankara overthrew the government of Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo. Sankara, often referred to as “Africa’s Che Guevara,” embarked on radical reforms aimed at improving the lives of the country’s poor. His policies included land redistribution, nationalization of key industries, building infrastructure, and increasing literacy rates.

Sankara also sought to reduce the influence of foreign powers and promote Pan-Africanism. He championed women’s rights, giving women more opportunities in education, employment, and political participation. His government also pursued a policy of self-reliance, seeking to reduce dependence on foreign aid.

However, Sankara’s policies were controversial and faced opposition, both domestically and internationally. In 1987, Sankara was overthrown and killed in a coup led by his former ally, Blaise Compaoré.

Blaise Compaoré and Political Stability (1987–2014):
Blaise Compaoré took power after Sankara’s assassination and ruled for 27 years. Under Compaoré’s leadership, Burkina Faso saw some stability, economic growth, and improved relations with Western countries. However, his regime was also marked by widespread corruption, repression of political opposition, and human rights abuses. Compaoré’s government faced several popular protests and challenges, especially due to economic inequality and political repression.

In 2014, after decades of rule, Compaoré faced massive protests against his attempt to extend his presidency. The public outcry led to his resignation on October 31, 2014, and the formation of a transitional government.

Transition and Recent Developments:
After Compaoré’s departure, Burkina Faso went through a transitional period, marked by a civilian-led government and efforts to restore democratic governance. In 2015, there was a failed coup attempt by elements of the military who sought to reverse the gains made by the transitional government.

In 2015, Burkina Faso held democratic elections, and Roch Marc Christian Kaboré was elected president. Kaboré’s presidency focused on strengthening democracy, improving infrastructure, and addressing security concerns, especially as militant Islamist groups began to carry out attacks in the Sahel region. By the late 2010s and early 2020s, the country faced increasing insecurity due to the spread of jihadist violence.

Recent Coup and Political Crisis:
In January 2022, Burkina Faso was once again shaken by a military coup. The country’s president, Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, was ousted by soldiers in response to the growing insecurity and inability of the government to address the insurgency. The coup led to the establishment of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration (MPSR), led by Lieutenant Colonel Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba. The military takeover raised questions about the future of democracy in the country and its ability to combat the security challenges it faces.

Summary:
Burkina Faso’s history has been shaped by both external and internal forces. The country has experienced periods of political instability, colonial oppression, revolutionary movements, and military coups. Despite facing significant challenges, including poverty, insecurity, and political upheaval, Burkina Faso has remained a key player in the West African region. The country continues to grapple with the legacy of its past while seeking a stable future.